High level of infection prevention and control in surveyed hospitals in Colombia, 2021 / Nivel avanzado de prevención y control de infecciones en hospitales de Colombia en el 2021 / Alto nível de prevenção e controle de infecções em hospitais da Colômbia, 2021

ABSTRACT Objective. This study aimed to determine the performance of infection prevention and control (IPC) programs in eight core components in level 2 and level 3 hospitals across all provinces in Colombia. Methods. This cross-sectional study used self-assessed IPC performance data voluntarily reported by hospitals to the Ministry of Health and Social Protection during 2021. Each of the eight core components of the World Health Organization's checklist in the Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework contributes a maximum score of 100, and the overall IPC performance score is the sum of these component scores. IPC performance is graded according to the overall score as inadequate (0-200), basic (201-400), intermediate (401-600) or advanced (601-800). Results. Of the 441 level 2 and level 3 hospitals, 267 (61%) reported their IPC performance. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) overall IPC score was 672 (IQR: 578-715). Of the 267 hospitals reporting, 187 (70%) achieved an advanced level of IPC. The median overall IPC score was significantly higher in private hospitals (690, IQR: 598-725) than in public hospitals (629, IQR: 538-683) (P < 0.001). Among the core components, scores were highest for the category assessing IPC guidelines (median score: 97.5) and lowest for the category assessing workload, staffing and bed occupancy (median score: 70). Median overall IPC scores varied across the provinces (P < 0.001). Conclusions. This countrywide assessment showed that 70% of surveyed hospitals achieved a self-reported advanced level of IPC performance, which reflects progress in building health system resilience. Since only 61% of eligible hospitals participated, an important next step is to ensure the participation of all hospitals in future assessments.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el desempeño de los programas de prevención y control de infecciones (PCI) en relación con ocho componentes básicos en hospitales de nivel 2 y 3 de todas las provincias de Colombia. Métodos. En este estudio transversal se emplearon datos de autoevaluación del desempeño de los programas de PCI informados voluntariamente al Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social por parte de los hospitales durante el 2021. Cada uno de los ocho componentes básicos de la lista de verificación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud incluidos en el Marco de evaluación de prevención y control de infecciones al nivel de establecimientos de atención de salud recibe una puntuación máxima de 100, y la puntuación general del desempeño del programa es la suma de las puntuaciones de estos componentes. Este desempeño se califica según la puntuación general como inadecuado (0-200), básico (201-400), intermedio (401-600) o avanzado (601-800). Resultados. De los 441 hospitales de nivel 2 y nivel 3, 267 (61%) informaron datos sobre su desempeño. La mediana (rango intercuartil [IQR]) de la puntuación general fue de 672 (IQR: 578-715). De los 267 hospitales que proporcionaron información, 187 (70%) alcanzaron el nivel avanzado. La mediana de la puntuación general fue significativamente mayor en los hospitales privados (690, IQR: 598-725) que en los hospitales públicos (629, IQR: 538-683) (p < 0,001). En el caso de los componentes básicos, las puntuaciones más altas fueron para la categoría que evalúa las directrices de PCI (puntuación mediana: 97,5) y más bajas para la categoría que evalúa la carga de trabajo, la dotación de personal y la ocupación de camas (puntuación mediana: 70). La mediana de las puntuaciones generales de PCI varió entre las provincias (p < 0,001). Conclusiones. Esta evaluación a nivel nacional mostró que el 70% de los hospitales encuestados lograron un nivel avanzado autoinformado del desempeño en cuanto a la PCI, lo que refleja el progreso en fortalecimiento de la resiliencia del sistema de salud. Dado que solo participó el 61% de los hospitales que reunían las condiciones, el siguiente paso importante es garantizar la participación de todos los hospitales en futuras evaluaciones.

RESUMO Objetivo. Este estudo teve o objetivo de determinar o desempenho de programas de prevenção e controle de infecções (PCI) quanto a oito componentes centrais em hospitais secundários e terciários de todas as províncias da Colômbia. Métodos. Este estudo transversal utilizou dados de desempenho autoavaliado de PCI enviados voluntariamente pelos hospitais ao Ministério da Saúde e Proteção Social em 2021. Cada um dos oito componentes centrais da lista de verificação na Estrutura de Avaliação de Prevenção e Controle de Infecções da Organização Mundial da Saúde contribui com uma pontuação máxima de 100. A pontuação total de desempenho de PCI é a soma das pontuações nesses componentes. De acordo com a pontuação total, o desempenho de PCI é classificado nas seguintes categorias: inadequado (0-200), básico (201-400), intermediário (401-600) ou avançado (601-800). Resultados. Dos 441 hospitais secundários e terciários, 267 (61%) informaram o desempenho de PCI. A mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]) da pontuação total de PCI foi 672 (IIQ: 578-715). Dos 267 hospitais que disponibilizaram informações, 187 (70%) alcançaram um nível de PCI avançado. A mediana da pontuação total de PCI foi significativamente maior nos hospitais privados (690, IIQ: 598-725) do que nos públicos (629, IIQ: 538-683) (p < 0,001). Entre os componentes centrais, as pontuações mais altas foram observadas na categoria de avaliação das diretrizes de PCI (pontuação mediana: 97,5), ao passo que as mais baixas ocorreram na categoria de avaliação da carga de trabalho, dotação de pessoal e taxa de ocupação de leitos (pontuação mediana: 70). As medianas das pontuações totais de PCI variaram entre províncias (p < 0,001). Conclusões. Esta avaliação nacional mostrou que 70% dos hospitais pesquisados alcançaram um nível avançado de desempenho autorrelatado de PCI, o que demonstra progresso no desenvolvimento de resiliência no sistema de saúde. Como apenas 61% dos hospitais elegíveis participaram, um próximo passo importante é assegurar a participação de todos os hospitais em futuras avaliações.

Procedimiento de autoevaluación de la calidad del pregrado de Genética Médica / A quality self-evaluation procedure for undergraduate of Medical Genetics

RESUMEN Fundamento: Las universidades inciden directamente en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las naciones. Para cumplir este reto, necesitan gestionar su calidad, y así apoyar a la formación de profesionales competentes, que se adapten a los dinámicos entornos laborales. Objetivo: Implementar un procedimiento de autoevaluación de la calidad del proceso docente-educativo, en el pregrado de Genética Médica, para contribuir a la mejora de su desempeño. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, en la asignatura Genética Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Allende", curso 2018-2019. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, el histórico-lógico y el inductivo-deductivo. Se empleó la observación, la revisión de documentos, las encuestas, las entrevistas y la tormenta de ideas. Se propuso un procedimiento estructurado en las etapas del ciclo de Deming. Resultados: Se diagnosticó el desempeño del proceso, obteniéndose un 63 % de cumplimiento. Se ejecutó un análisis causa-efecto. Se confeccionó un programa de mejora de la calidad. Conclusiones: Se diseñó un procedimiento para autoevaluar la calidad del pregrado de Genética Médica; su aplicación posibilitó la elaboración de un programa, con acciones encaminadas a mitigar las causas de los problemas analizados, y así coadyuvar a la mejora del desempeño del proceso.

ABSTRACT Background: Universities directly influence on the socioeconomic development of nations. To reach this goal, they need to manage their quality, thus support the training of competent professionals, who adapt to dynamic work environments. Objective: To implement a quality self-assessment program of the educational teaching process, in the undergraduate of Medical Genetics, to contribute to their performance´s improvement. Methodology: A descriptive investigation was conducted in the Medical Genetics subject, at the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Salvador Allende", 2018-2019 academic course. Theoretical, logical historical and inductive deductive methods were used. Observation, document review, surveys, interviews, and brainstorming were also used. A structured program was suggested in the stages of the Deming cycle. Results: The process´s performance was diagnosed, obtaining 63 % compliance. A cause-effect analysis was done. A quality improvement program was developed. Conclusions: A quality self-assessment program was designed in the undergraduate degree in Medical Genetics; Its application made possible the development of some actions aimed at mitigating the causes of the considered problems, thus contributing to the improvement of the process´s performance.

La autoeficacia docente: un reto en el accionar del profesor universitario de las ciencias médicas / Teacher self-efficacy: a challenge in the actions of the university professor of medical sciences

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de indagar sobre la autoeficacia docente y su influencia en la calidad de la docencia universitaria. Se describe la evolución histórica del concepto enunciado por Bandura (1999) a partir de la Teoría Social Cognitiva de Rotter, que constituye un aporte para la comprensión de la adaptación y cambio humano; su desarrollo teórico-metodológico la ha posicionado como válida y confiable para explicar cómo sus componentes (mecanismos, fuentes y procesos) se encuentran mediados por la autoeficacia. Niveles de autoeficacia positivos o negativos marcan profundas consecuencias en el desempeño personal y/o profesional; es un reto para la academia motivar al claustro de profesores para asumir este concepto como factor determinante en su accionar sistemático en aras de incrementar la calidad del proceso docente educativo.

A bibliographic review was carried out with the objective of researching about the teaching self-efficacy and its influence on the quality of university teaching. The historical evolution of the concept enunciated by Bandura (1999) is described from the Social Cognitive Theory of Rotter, which constitutes a contribution for the understanding of adaptation and human change; Its theoretical-methodological development has positioned it as valid and reliable to explain how its components (mechanisms, sources and processes) are mediated by self-efficacy. Levels of positive or negative self-efficacy have profound consequences on personal and / or professional performance; it is a challenge for the academy to motivate the teaching staff to assume this concept as a determining factor in their systematic action in order to increase the quality of the teaching-learning process.

Structured Assessment to Evaluate a Family Medicine Clerkship Program / 의학교육논단

This study was conducted to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a 3-week family medicine clerkship program based on the results of an online survey taken by the students (N=127) and a structured interview with a focus group (n=10), aimed to improve the quality of the clerkship program. The online survey contained questions pertaining to goals, schedule, contents, arrangement, atmosphere, environment, evaluation, and satisfaction regarding the clerkship. The focus group interview addressed the schedule and achievements of the program. Scores were reported on a 5-point Likert scale. Most students were highly satisfied with the overall quality of the clerkship. The structured interview results showed that 97.6% of the clerkship program was executed according to the schedule. The focus group reported a perfect score of 5 points on several measures including: accomplishment of the educational goals of the family medicine clerkship, providing many chances to obtain medical histories and perform physical examinations on real patients, experience with various symptoms and diseases, positive attitudes of faculty members when teaching, notification of the guidelines for evaluation beforehand, well-constructed and effective clerkship schedule, and reflection of student feedback. However, the focus group gave low scores on: support for health accidents of students, access to patient information, enough opportunities to practice clinical skills, appropriate rest facilities for students, and fairness of clerkship evaluation process. In conclusion, the structured evaluation performed after the 3-week clerkship program motivated students and helped them ensure an efficient clerkship. This structured evaluation also suggested basic data to make the professor who is subject of the assessment. This study shows that structured assessment is an effective method which can be used to improve the quality of clerkships.

Peer assessment of small-group presentations by medical students and its implications / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among medical students' assessments on peers' group presentations, instructors' assessments of those presentations, and students' educational achievements in other assignments and tests. METHODS: A total of 101 first-year students from a medical school participated in the study. The students' educational achievements in a 4-week long integrated curriculum were analyzed. Student's final grades were comprised of the following education criteria: two written tests (60%), 15 group reports (25%), one individual report (7%), and four group presentations (15%). We compared scores of the group presentation assessed by the peers and the two instructors. Furthermore, we compared peers' assessment scores with each component of the evaluation criteria. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlaton for the assessments between peers and instructors (r=0.775, p<0.001). Peer assessment scores also correlated significantly with scores for the group assignments (r=0.777, p<0.001), final grades on the curriculum (r=0.345, p<0.001), and scores for individual assignments (r=0.334, p<0.001); however, no significant correlation was observed between the peer-assessed group presentation scores and the two written test scores. CONCLUSION: Peer assessments may be a reliable and valid method for evaluating medical students' performances in an integrated curriculum, especially if the assessments are used to academic processes, such as presentations, with explicit evaluation and judgment criteria. Peer assessments on group presentations might assess different learning domains compared to written tests that primarily evaluate limited medical knowledge and clinical reasoning.